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Transferring genes into plants Animation

By: HWC, Views: 4036

Researchers extract DNA from an organism that has a trait they want to introduce into a plant. The genetic donor can be a bacterial cell, a plant cell. or even an animal cell. The desired gene will be transferred into a plasmid, a small circle of bacterial DNA. The gene is cut out of th...

Hershey Chase Experiments

By: HWC, Views: 3804

Hershey and Chase knew that T4 bacteriophages consist of proteins and DNA. They asked which viral component must enter a bacterial cell to infect it: DNA or protein? They grew viruses with either radioactive sulfur, which labels the viral protein, or radioactive phosphorus, which labels DNA. ...

Conjunctivitis

By: Administrator, Views: 9740

Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is inflammation of the outermost layer of the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelid. It makes the eye appear pink or reddish. Pain, burning, scratchiness, or itchiness may occur. The affected eye may have increased tears or be "stuck shu...

Complement Proteins Animation

By: HWC, Views: 3461

Formation of membrane attack complexes. Complement proteins can activate when they bind to antibodies that are bound to a pathogen. Complement proteins also activate when they bind directly to bacterial surfaces. Cascading reactions yield huge numbers of different types of complement protei...

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Drug Resistance and Natural Selection

By: HWC, Views: 5423

The evolution of drug resistance in microorganisms, such as M. tuberculosis, that cause human diseases is of particular concern to biologists. When Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects the lungs of humans, it causes the disease tuberculosis, also called TB. Once infected, the lungs act as a new...

Proteins Defined, Hierarchy & Composition of Cells

By: HWC, Views: 6141

Proteins are long chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Together with the other three biological macromolecules—carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids—proteins are the building blocks of cells. Proteins are the most complex and abundant biological macromolecules in cel...

Hierarchical Sequencing Method - Sequence Tagged Sites

By: HWC, Views: 5860

In the hierarchical sequencing method, researchers begin by collecting cells. In humans, each cell contains 23 pairs of chromo-somes. Here we specifically track the DNA from just one of the 23 pairs. Chromosomes have a series of unique DNA sequences, called sequence-tagged sites (STSs), that a...

Polymerase chain reaction PCR - Animation

By: HWC, Views: 473

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method that amplifies fragments of DNA. The purpose of PCR is to create copies of a specific region of DNA. To use this technique, researchers must know the base sequences at either end of the region of interest. They use this information to create...

Non-specific disease resistance mechanisms & Skin's defense barriers

By: HWC, Views: 6559

• Non-specific disease resistance acts quickly to fight a wide variety of invaders. • Mechanisms include: • Barriers • Antimicrobial substances • Cellular defenses • Inflammation • Fever Barriers - types • Physical and chemical bathers prevent invasion by micro...