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Electromagnetic Spectrum, Chlorophyll and Pigment & Light

By: HWC, Views: 8643

The sun gives off radiation that is called the electromagnetic spectrum. This is energy that travels as wavelengths and includes radio waves, X-rays and ultraviolet light. A portion of this radiation is known as visible light, and is the type of radiation that plants use to manufacture sugars. ...

Mitochondrial Structure & ETC Protein Complexes (Protein Complexes and Electron Transport)

By: HWC, Views: 8500

The energy carrying molecules, NADH and FADH2, that were generated in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, now are processed in the mitochondria where their high energy electrons are deposited in an electron chain complex located in the inner mitochondrial membranes. These high-energy electrons now dr...

Protein catabolism - deamination

By: HWC, Views: 9099

• Digestion hydrolyzes proteins into amino acids, which are transported to the bloodstream. • Amino acids and proteins are not stored. • Instead, they are: • Oxidized to generate ATP. • Used to synthesize new proteins. • Converted to carbohydrates or lipids for storage (if e...

Structures that affect circulation - kidneys, blood volume and venous tone

By: HWC, Views: 8838

• Kidneys regulate blood volume and blood osmolarity via salt and water reabsorption. • Increased reabsorption increases blood volume and venous return (and CO). • Decreased reabsorption increases urine production, which decreases blood volume and venous return (and CO). • Systemi...

Major Elements in Biological Molecules: Nucleic acids

By: HWC, Views: 8773

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids (polymers of nucleotides). Two polymers with complementary nucleotide sequences can pair with each other. This pairing endows nucleic acids with the ability to store, transmit, and retrieve genetic information. Two strands of DNA pair by hydrogen bonding. A compon...

Bond types - Atomic structure and basis of bonds

By: HWC, Views: 9316

• Chemical bonds are fundamental to the structure and function of many types of molecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, gases, salts and water. ■ These molecules are composed of atoms that are held together by three different types of bonds. • The three types ...

Red alga life cycle Animation

By: HWC, Views: 3091

Life cycle of Porphyra. The most conspicuous part of this algal life cycle is the haploid gametophyte. This sheetlike form is collected and dried for use as nori, the wrapping for sushi. Gametes form in packets interspersed between vegetative cells near the sheet margins. The gamet...

Lipid catabolism ( ketogenesis and oxidation of glycerol) and Lipid anabolism (lipogenesis)

By: HWC, Views: 9194

• During excessive beta oxidation, the two-carbon fatty acid fragments are converted into acidic ketone bodies. • Ketosis, the overproduction of ketone bodies, can lead to acidosis (ketoacidosis) of the blood. • After lipolysis, glycerol is converted to pyruvic acid. • Pyruvic aci...

Vascular tissues in a corn stem and a buttercup root

By: HWC, Views: 3362

Vascular tissues in a corn stem and a buttercup root. The cells that make up each tissue. Xylem conducts water and dissolved ions. It also helps mechanically support a plant. The cells, called vessel members and tracheids, are dead at maturity. Their lignified walls interconnect and serve as p...