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Structures that affect circulation - venous return

By: HWC, Views: 6458

• Venous return directly affects cardiac output. • Increased venous return leads directly to greater cardiac output whereas decreased return contributes to decreased output. • Venous return depends on: • Blood volume regulation by the kidneys. • Venous tone. • Skeletal muscl...

Embryonic development - Weeks 5 to 8

By: HWC, Views: 6752

• The second month of development is characterized by rapid development of the head and limbs as well as continued organogenesis. • During the fifth and sixth weeks growth of the brain, and therefore head, is rapid. • Hands and feets begin to form. • During week seven, even more deve...

Hormonal feedback loop components

By: HWC, Views: 6784

The endocrine system maintains many body conditions within normal limits with feedback loops. Each endocrine feedback loop maintains homeostasis using the following components: ■ Stimulus - a change in a body condition. ■ Production cell - an endocrine cell that produces a hormone after b...

Hormonal regulation of pregnancy - week 1

By: HWC, Views: 6965

• During pregnancy, hormones play a significant role in triggering changes in the mother and fetus. • Ormones : • Maintain the lining of the uterus and prevent menstruation. Prepare the mammary glands for lactation. • Increase flexibility of the pubic symphysis. • Affect the mot...

Five phases of cardiac cycle & Atrial contraction

By: HWC, Views: 6626

1. Atrial contraction (atrial systole). 2. Isovolumetric (ventricular) contraction. 3. Ventricular ejection. 4. Isovolumetric (ventricular) relaxation. 5. Passive ventricular filling. Beginning of cardiac cycle • Prior to atrial contraction: • Atria and ventricles are relaxed....

Epidural Hematoma

By: Administrator, Views: 9419

Epidural hematoma is when bleeding occurs between the tough outer membrane covering the brain (dura mater) and the skull. Often there is loss of consciousness following a head injury, a brief regaining of consciousness, and then loss of consciousness again. Other symptoms may include headache, co...

Stroke volume - preload, sarcomere length and Frank -Starling law

By: HWC, Views: 6297

• Sarcomere length affects muscle tension and the force of contraction. • Increased muscle stretch (increased sarcomere length) at the beginning of contraction increases tension produced during the contraction. • A more forceful contraction ejects more blood, thus increasing stroke volu...

Hormones and the menstrual cycle Animation

By: HWC, Views: 3555

Feedback loops to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland from the ovaries during the menstrual cycle Animation for a step-by-step explanation. Production of a releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus prods the pituitary's anterior lobe to release FSH and LH. In the ovary, FSH and LH stimula...

Cellular Respiration & Glucose Mobilization (Glucose transport & Phosphorylation of Glucose)

By: HWC, Views: 6438

Glucose is completely broken down into CO2 and H2O during the process of cellular respiration, which includes 3 stages: 1) glycolysis; 2) the Krebs Cycle; and 3) the electron transport chain. Glucose enters this energy yielding pathway of cellular respiration in the first stage known as...