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Lipid absorption - end products & transport mechanism

By: HWC, Views: 7258

• The end products, fatty acids and monoglycerides, depend on bile salts for absorption. • Bile salts form micelles (tiny spheres), which ferry fatty acids and monoglycerides to epithelial cells. • Free fatty acids, monoglycerides, and some phospholipids and cholesterol molecules, dif...

Factors that influence muscle tension - Sarcomere length and force, understretched and overstretched

By: HWC, Views: 7752

• Muscle tension generated through the contraction of muscle cells provides the force necessary for the muscular system to function. • The amount of tension produced depends on several factors: • Sarcomere length Frequency of stimulation • Motor unit size • Recruitment of moto...

Heart sounds

By: HWC, Views: 7607

During a normal, healthy heartbeat, or what we call a cardiac cycle, the top two chambers of the heart, called the atria, contract simultaneously. Then, as they relax, the bottom two chambers, called the ventricles, contract. This explains what happens during a cardiac cycle, but what it doesn't ...

Bone elongation - processes at the epiphyseal plate

By: HWC, Views: 7972

• Interstitial lengthening occurs in only certain bones, primarily those of the appendages. • Such lengthening takes place at the epiphyseal plate, a layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of a growing bone. 1. Zone of resting cartilage. • Consisting of a hyaline cartilage pa...

Muscle Twitch and Muscle Tension - Motor unit size and force

By: HWC, Views: 7966

• A motor unit is a group of muscle cells controlled by a single neuron. • A stimulus of sufficient intensity will cause all the cells in the motor unit to contract. • A single contraction, caused by a single action potential, is called a muscle twitch. • Latent period: A brief per...

Cerebral Cortex Animation

By: Administrator, Views: 11056

The cerebral cortex (plural cortices), also known as the cerebral mantle, is the outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain, in humans and other mammals. It is separated into two cortices, by the longitudinal fissure that divides the cerebrum into the left and right cerebral hemisp...

Lactation and Breast Feeding

By: HWC, Views: 8539

Regulation of lactation - breast preparation • Pregnancy hormones trigger breast changes to prepare for feeding the new baby. • The amount of the hormone prolactin, essential to the initiation of lactation, increases steadily throughout pregnancy. • However, high levels of both estroge...

Lipid catabolism - lipolysis and beta oxidation and oxidation of fatty acids

By: HWC, Views: 7964

• Digestion hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. • Fatty acids and glycerol are: • Oxidized to generate ATP. • Used to produce triglycerides that are stored as energy reserves in adipose tissue. • Lipid catabolism begins with lipolysis in which lipids are broken do...

Transferring genes into plants Animation

By: HWC, Views: 5080

Researchers extract DNA from an organism that has a trait they want to introduce into a plant. The genetic donor can be a bacterial cell, a plant cell. or even an animal cell. The desired gene will be transferred into a plasmid, a small circle of bacterial DNA. The gene is cut out of th...