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Basic rhythm - control centers in medulla oblongata, spirograph and normal tidal cycle

By: HWC, Views: 6559

• Normal ventilation is rhythmic and involves continuous cycles of inspiration and expiration. • Various regions of the brain closely regulate this rhythmic pattern of ventilation. • The rhythmicity area in the medulla regulates the basic rhythm of ventilation. • The medullary rhy...

Medullary osmotic gradient: countercurrent multiplier, urea recycling & vasa recta countercurrent exchange

By: HWC, Views: 7349

▪ The primary cause of the medullary osmotic gradient is the active transport of solutes. • In the ascending limb of the loop, active transport of Na+ ions drives passive reabsorption of Cl- ions. • Addition of these ions to the interstitial fluid of the medulla increases its osmolarity...

Lung Sounds Animation (3 of 5)

By: Administrator, Views: 294

Respiratory rate is regulated by the respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata. Respiratory rates for some different age groups: Newborn 30 – 80/min 1st year 20 – 40/min 5th year 20 – 25/min 15th year 15 – 20/min Adult 12 – 20/min

Lung Sounds Animation (4 of 5)

By: Administrator, Views: 262

Respiratory rate is regulated by the respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata. Respiratory rates for some different age groups: Newborn 30 – 80/min 1st year 20 – 40/min 5th year 20 – 25/min 15th year 15 – 20/min Adult 12 – 20/min

Control of ventilation rate by other brain centers (posts, hypothalamus & cerebral cortex)

By: HWC, Views: 6601

Forced ventilation: • The inspiratory area stimulates accessory inspiratory muscles. • Inspiration is more forceful. • Inspiratory area activates expiratory area, which sends impulses to the expiratory muscles (internal intercostals and abdominal muscles). • Expiration muscles c...

Baroreceptor Reflex

By: HWC, Views: 5991

Baroreceptors located In the carotid sinus and the arch of the aorta respond to increases in blood pressure. Increased blood pressure stretches the carotid arteries and aorta causing the baroreceptors to increase their basal rate of action potential generation. Action potentials are conduct...

Forming urine ( influencing factors), Forming dilute urine & Forming concentrated urine

By: HWC, Views: 7089

• The amount of urine produced by the nephron depends on : • Body fluid volume. • Body fluid composition. • Dilute urine is formed when the body is normally hydrated. • The medullary osmotic gradient determines the osmolarity of the filtrate. • Filtrate osmolarity increase...

Oogenesis Animation

By: Administrator, Views: 9782

Located on either side of the uterus, ovaries are almond-shaped organs attached to the uterus by the ovarian ligament and lie close to the fimbriae of the fallopian tubes. The anterior border of each ovary is connected to the posterior layer of the broad ligament by the mesovarium (portion of th...

Neural regulation of blood pressure - baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes

By: HWC, Views: 6945

• The nervous system regulates blood pressure with two reflex arcs: baroreceptor and chemoreceptor. ■ Baroreceptors (pressure) and chemoreceptors (chemical) are located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch. • Carotid sinus reflex helps maintain normal blood pressure in brain. • Ba...