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Major Elements in Biological Molecules: Nucleic acids

By: HWC, Views: 7631

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids (polymers of nucleotides). Two polymers with complementary nucleotide sequences can pair with each other. This pairing endows nucleic acids with the ability to store, transmit, and retrieve genetic information. Two strands of DNA pair by hydrogen bonding. A compon...

Replication of DNA and Chromosomes/ How do cells replicate their DNA? (Animation) no Audio

By: HWC, Views: 7463

DNA replication in E. coil begins at a site called oriC where a replication bubble forms. At either end of this bubble is a replication fork. Since DNA polymerase Ill can read its DNA template strand only in the 3' to 5' direction this means that one strand (leading) can be read continuously b...

ATPase function - membrane transport, contractile proteins and synthesis

By: HWC, Views: 8091

• Energy from ATP is used to move ions across the cell membrane during active transport. • This membrane protein transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. As such, it is called a sodium-potassium pump. • Because this pump also acts as an enzyme to hydrolyze ATP it i...

Electromagnetic Spectrum, Chlorophyll and Pigment & Light

By: HWC, Views: 7499

The sun gives off radiation that is called the electromagnetic spectrum. This is energy that travels as wavelengths and includes radio waves, X-rays and ultraviolet light. A portion of this radiation is known as visible light, and is the type of radiation that plants use to manufacture sugars. ...

Molecules, Membrane Permeability and Structure

By: HWC, Views: 7189

Organisms are not isolated system at equilibrium and need to intake nutrients and electrolytes as remove wastes. Similarly Cells within an organism must also exchange compound by passing them through membrane. The permeability of a membrane is the rate of passive diffusion of molecules th...

Types of energy transfer reactions: oxidation-reduction reactions and ATP generation reactions

By: HWC, Views: 8264

■ Metabolism balances anabolic and catabolic reactions. ■ Anabolism is energy transfer from ATP to simpler molecules in order to build them up into larger, more complex molecules. ■ Catabolism is breaking down larger, more complex molecules, usually to transfer energy from them in order...

Semidiscontinuous DNA replication

By: HWC, Views: 7339

During DNA replication, one of the two DNA strands, the leading strand, is replicated continuously, or all at once, in the 5' to 3' direction. The other strand, called the lagging strand, is replicated discontinuously, or in pieces, in the 3' to 5' direction. This is necessary because DNA poly...

Splitting of Sugar, Oxidation/ Reduction & ATP Generation

By: HWC, Views: 7477

The next reaction shows us the meaning of "glycolysis" or the splitting of glucose. The fructose bisphosphate molecule is split into two molecules each containing 3 carbons as the backbone. FBP is split into two 3-carbon molecules called G3P, or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Notice that the phos...

Activation Energy - Valence Electrons

By: HWC, Views: 7192

■ Shared electrons in the outermost orbital form bonds. These electrons are called valence electrons. ■ Valence electrons are disrupted and can be rearranged into a new bond. ■ The energy necessary to start a reaction and break bonds is called the activation energy. ■ Reactants have...