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Control of ventilation rate by other brain centers (posts, hypothalamus & cerebral cortex)

By: HWC, Views: 7667

Forced ventilation: • The inspiratory area stimulates accessory inspiratory muscles. • Inspiration is more forceful. • Inspiratory area activates expiratory area, which sends impulses to the expiratory muscles (internal intercostals and abdominal muscles). • Expiration muscles c...

Interspecific Competition Relationship - Competitive & Niche Differentiation

By: HWC, Views: 7408

In an environment with limited resources, any organisms that utilize the same resources will be in competition with each other. For example, let's look at two competing species of paramecium, a single-celled organism that feeds on bacteria. If we raise each of these species in isolation, both...

Neuron structure and function - sensory neurons, association neurons & motor neurons

By: HWC, Views: 7652

• The primary function of the nervous system is to provide rapid communication within the body to maintain homeostasis. • This function underlies behaviors, thinking and control of organ functions. • The basic functions of the nervous system are provided by: • Sensory neurons • ...

Stress and Immune System Animation

By: Administrator, Views: 10923

How stress and the immune system are linked. Immune response declines with age, limiting body's ability to identify and fight foreign substances. Loss of thymus cortex leads to reduced production of T lymphocytes, including T cells, NK cells, B lymphocytes. Frequency and severity of infectio...

Passive Smoke Exposure

By: Administrator, Views: 11108

How smoking triggers asthma attacks and respiratory issues. Secondhand smoke is smoke from burning tobacco products, such as cigarettes, cigars, or pipes. Secondhand smoke also is smoke that has been exhaled, or breathed out, by the person smoking. Tobacco smoke contains more than 7,000 ...

Non-specific disease resistance mechanisms & Skin's defense barriers

By: HWC, Views: 7706

• Non-specific disease resistance acts quickly to fight a wide variety of invaders. • Mechanisms include: • Barriers • Antimicrobial substances • Cellular defenses • Inflammation • Fever Barriers - types • Physical and chemical bathers prevent invasion by micro...

Role of the urinary system - acidosis and alkalosis

By: HWC, Views: 7950

• Tubular cells of the proximal convoluted tubule and collecting tubules can alter filtrate pH and therefore blood pH. • These cells can affect blood pH with two coupled mechanisms: • Reabsorption of bicarbonate ions. • Secretion of hydrogen ions. • The reabsorption of bicarbonate...

Embryonic development - Week 4

By: HWC, Views: 7937

• The flat trilaminar embryonic disc undergoes embryonic folding to form a three-dimensional cylinder shaped embryo. • Most organ systems continue, or start, to develop (organogenesis): • The nervous system and chorion continue to develop. • The heart and the rest of the cardiovas...

Genetics of Cancer

By: Administrator, Views: 10863

Cancer refers to any malignant tumor. Incidence of cancer is five times higher than 100 years ago. Strikes 1 of every 3 Americans. Has become one of the more treatable of the major diseases in the U.S. Highly advanced surgical techniques Chemotherapy and radiation therapy Immunotherapy and ...