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Hemoglobin's affinity with oxygen - carbon dioxide, temperature and bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)

By: HWC, Views: 6789

• The carbon dioxide gas is temporarily converted to carbonic acid in red blood cells by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, and then further converted to hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. • The result of increased carbon dioxide is decreased pH causing the Bohr effect. • Elevated carbon dioxid...

B cells and antibodies

By: HWC, Views: 7473

What Are Antibodies? Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped proteins that are produced by the immune system to help stop intruders from harming the body. When an intruder enters the body, the immune system springs into action. These invaders, which are called antigens, can be vi...

hGH, Thyroid hormones & Aldosterone

By: HWC, Views: 6712

Glycogenolysis and lipolysis • Stressors stimulate production of a hypothalamic releasing hormone (GHRH). • The releasing hormone stimulates somatotroph cells of anterior pituitary to secrete human growth hormone. • Human growth hormone targets liver cells and fat cells. hGH (glycog...

Role of complement proteins

By: HWC, Views: 6411

• Non-specific and specific defense mechanisms work through the functions of complement proteins. • As soon as pathogens penetrate the physical barrier of the skin, other resistance mechanisms begin. • Cells, such as macrophages, phagocytize pathogens. • These cells increase exposu...

hGH (protein synthesis, growth and development)

By: HWC, Views: 7112

• Increased GHRH, a hypothalamic releasing hormone stimulated by low blood glucose, physical exertion, and increased sympathetic stimulation, stimulates the production of human growth hormone (hGH) from the somatotrophic cells of the anterior pituitary. • Human growth hormone targets cartil...

Green alga life cycle Animation

By: HWC, Views: 1254

Chlamydomonas zoospores are haploid flagellated cells. As long as conditions are favorable, these cells reproduce asexually. As many as sixteen cells may form by mitosis within a parent cell. Daughter cells escape when the cell wall ruptures. When conditions become less favorable, the...

Types of synapses - electrical & chemical

By: HWC, Views: 6703

• Neurons communicate with one another or effector cells via synapses that allow information to be filtered and integrated. • The two types of synapses are: • electrical • chemical. • Electrical synapses, also known as gap junctions, contain many ion channels (connexons) conne...

Gastrin (gastric emptying) & Secretin (buffering gastric acid)

By: HWC, Views: 6216

• Gastrin also binds to the smooth muscle cells in the stomach causing: • Increased gastric motility. • Opening of pyloric sphincter. • Increased gastric emptying. • The intestinal phase of digestion begins as chyme enters the duodenum. • The chyme's acidity can damage int...

TRH/TSH/Thyroid hormone

By: HWC, Views: 6223

Thyroid hormone production • A decline in metabolic rate caused by increased metabolic need or physical exertion stimulates the production of thyrotropin hormone releasing (TRH) hormone from the cells of the hypothalamus. • Thyrotropin hormone releasing hormone targets the thyrotrophic ce...