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Osmosis - Isotonic, Hypotonic, and Hypertonic​ Solutions

By: HWC, Views: 6690

Isotonic: Equal Water moves in and out of the cell at an equal rate. The cell remains unchanged. Hypotonic: "hypo" hippo Water moves into the cell, making it swell and get fat (like a hippo). Eventually the cell can rupture and burst (aka lyse). Hypertonic: "like a raisin" Water leaves...

Exercise and cardiac output & Definition of stroke volume

By: HWC, Views: 6631

▪ Cardiac output: • Maintains blood flow throughout the body. • Measure of blood volume ejected from the heart over a given time. • Determined by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume (CO = SV x HR). • Heart rate: Number of beats/min. • Stroke volume: Amount of blood eject...

Sickle Cell Anemia

By: Administrator, Views: 9795

The clinical manifestations of sickle cell anemia result from pathologic changes to structures and systems throughout the body.

Regulation of GFR: three methods, autoregulation & autoregulation via myogenic mechanism

By: HWC, Views: 7080

• GFR can be regulated by adjusting: • Blood flow in and out of the glomerular capillaries. • Surface area of glomerular capillaries. • There are three main ways to make these adjustments: • Renal autoregulation. • Nervous regulation. • Hormonal regulation. • Ren...

Labor and Childbirth - The Three Stages of Labor: Dilation, Expulsion & Placental مراحل الولادة

By: HWC, Views: 7151

Regulation of labor and birth - effects of estrogen and oxytocin on onset of labor • Just prior to birth, high placental corticotropin-releasing hormone levels stimulate the production of more estrogen. • High estrogen levels overcome the inhibitory effects of progesterone on uterine sm...

Cortisol (protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, vasoconstriction & anti-inflammation)

By: HWC, Views: 6272

• Stressors stimulate production of hypothalamic releasing hormones, corticotropin releasing hormone, hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulate. • These hormones promote increased production of 1 cortisol from the zona fasciculata cells of the adrenal cortex. • Cort...

Cytotoxic T cell receptors, activation, proliferation, differentiation & action

By: HWC, Views: 7011

• Most cells which have CD8 on their surface become cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells). • CD8 T cells recognize a foreign antigen when it is presented in conjunction with the protein, MHC-I. • Nearly all nucleated cells in the body express MHC-I molecules. • T cells that recognize self-pe...

Stroke volume

By: HWC, Views: 6665

Preload definition • Preload is the degree of stretch of cardiac muscles cells prior to contraction. • The amount of stretch is related to the end-diastolic volume[EDV]. • Increased return blood flow from the veins increases end-diastolic volume. Cardiac muscle sarcomeres stretch and ...

Immune responses Animation

By: HWC, Views: 3543

Overview of interactions in antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity Animation The antibody mediated immune response begins when a naive B cell encounters antigens from a pathogen, such as a bacterium. The B cell binds, processes, and displays this antigen. It is now an antigen-presenti...