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Energy inputs and release in glycolysis Animation

By: HWC, Views: 2749

Glycolysis breaks the six-carbon sugar glucose into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvate. The first steps of glycolysis require an energy input in the form of two phosphate-group transfers from ATP. These phosphorylations raise the energy level of glucose enough to allow the energy-releas...

Mechanism of enzyme action

By: HWC, Views: 8695

■ The substrate makes contact with the active site. ■ A change in the shape of the enzyme occurs resulting in the transformation of the substrate. ■ A substrate may undergo decomposition, have its atoms rearranged, or two substrates may be synthesized. ■ The products of the reaction...

Haustral churning, Gastrocolic reflex and mass peristalsis & Defecation

By: HWC, Views: 9093

• As the cecum becomes filled and distends, a local reflex causes: • Closure of the ileocecal valve. • Activation of haustral churning. • Haustral churning mixes the chyme, which helps absorption of water, salts, and vitamins. • Haustral churning propels the contents of the colo...

How Hemoglobin Picks Up and Delivers Oxygen

By: HWC, Views: 8200

All of the cells in our bodies require oxygen (02) for survival and must release carbon dioxide (CO2) as a waste product. The respiratory and circulatory systems work together as delivery systems for these gases. The lungs exchange these gases between the environment and the bloodstream. The bloo...

Lung Sounds Animation (2 of 5)

By: Administrator, Views: 348

Respiratory rates for some different age groups: Newborn 30 – 80/min 1st year 20 – 40/min 5th year 20 – 25/min 15th year 15 – 20/min Adult 12 – 20/min

ATPase function - membrane transport, contractile proteins and synthesis

By: HWC, Views: 9267

• Energy from ATP is used to move ions across the cell membrane during active transport. • This membrane protein transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. As such, it is called a sodium-potassium pump. • Because this pump also acts as an enzyme to hydrolyze ATP it i...

Ear Animation

By: Administrator, Views: 13229

The ear is generally described as having three distinct divisions, each with distinct functions: External ear Middle ear Inner ear The ear contains structures for both the sense of hearing and the sense of balance. Eighth cranial nerve: Also called the acoustic or auditory nerve. Carries...

Alternative Energy Sources

By: HWC, Views: 3071

Points at which organic compounds enter the reaction stages of aerobic respiration. Complex carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars, such as glucose. They become the substrates for glycolysis. If your body doesn't need to burn glucose for energy, glucose-6-phosphate can be co...

The Krebs Cycle Animation

By: HWC, Views: 3083

The second-stage reactions of aerobic respiration. The second-stage reactions occur in a mitochondrion's inner compartment. In the first preparatory reaction, a carbon atom is stripped from pyruvate and released as carbon dioxide. The remaining carbons combine with coenzyme A and give ...