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Carbohydrate Metabolism: Introduction to renal processes and filtrate formation and composition

By: HWC, Views: 7899

• At the nephron, the three process responsible for the formation of urine include: • Glomerular filtration. • Tubular reabsorption. • Tubular secretion. • During filtration, a filtrate is formed within the renal tubule. • Reabsorption is the conserving of water and many s...

Carbohydrate digestion - mouth and stomach & pancreas and small intestine

By: HWC, Views: 7485

• Digestion of complex carbohydrates (starches and glycogen) involves: • Amylases produced by the salivary glands and pancreas. • Brush-border enzymes in small intestine. • In the mouth, amylase from the parotid and submandibular salivary glands begins carbohydrate digestion. â€...

Properties of water -structure of water and polarity (Ionized and polar compounds)

By: HWC, Views: 7850

â–  Water transports most of the molecules in the body. â–  The structure of a water molecule allows it to dissolve other molecules. â–  Shared electrons spend more time near the oxygen atom. â–  Oxygen end has a partial negative charge. â–  Hydrogen ends have a partial positive charge....

Second Messengers in the Inositol-lipid Signaling Pathway

By: HWC, Views: 7002

Extracellular signals produce specific responses in target cells through the action of intracellular second messengers. Here, we focus on three second messengers, IP3, DAG, and Ca2+, all involved in the inositol-lipid signaling pathway. A hormone-receptor signal on the cell surface leads to the a...

Muscle Twitch and Muscle Tension - Motor unit size and force

By: HWC, Views: 7964

• A motor unit is a group of muscle cells controlled by a single neuron. • A stimulus of sufficient intensity will cause all the cells in the motor unit to contract. • A single contraction, caused by a single action potential, is called a muscle twitch. • Latent period: A brief per...

Action potentials - electrical characteristics and generation

By: HWC, Views: 7568

• An action potential is the nervous impulse or signal for long distance communication. Each action potential is generated at the cell's trigger zone. • Action potentials are considered an all-or-nothing phenomena because they are either generated or not. • The generation of an action...

Hemoglobin's affinity with oxygen - carbon dioxide, temperature and bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)

By: HWC, Views: 7809

• The carbon dioxide gas is temporarily converted to carbonic acid in red blood cells by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, and then further converted to hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. • The result of increased carbon dioxide is decreased pH causing the Bohr effect. • Elevated carbon dioxid...

Proteins Defined, Hierarchy & Composition of Cells

By: HWC, Views: 7194

Proteins are long chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Together with the other three biological macromolecules—carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids—proteins are the building blocks of cells. Proteins are the most complex and abundant biological macromolecules in cel...

Mechanisms of capillary exchange

By: HWC, Views: 7876

â–  The primary role of capillaries is to permit the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells (via interstitial fluid). â–  Oxygen and nutrients move from the blood to the cells. â–  Carbon dioxide and other wastes move from the cells to the blood. The three ba...