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Role of the respiratory system - effect of altered ventilation rates

By: HWC, Views: 6541

• Dissociation of the chemical substances in the body fluids can result in the production of free hydrogen ions. • The pH scale is used to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. • Normal blood pH values vary around 7.4. • When hydrogen ion concentration increases, t...

Methods that regulate pH

By: HWC, Views: 6832

• The blood flow redistributes fluids that have different pH values between body regions. • The regulation of the blood pH is important to maintain homeostasis. • Blood pH is regulated by: • Chemical buffers. • The respiratory system. • The urinary system. • All thes...

Coaductile pathway, Timing of contraction signal & Conduction system and ECG

By: HWC, Views: 6885

• When the system is healthy, the signal to contract the entire conduction system originates in the SA node - known as the heart's pacemaker. • The SA node triggers contraction because it depolarizes at a faster rate than other parts of the conduction system. • The wave of excitation fr...

Hormonal regulation of blood pressure - RAA system

By: HWC, Views: 7117

■ Long-term regulation of MABP is under hormonal control. • Hormones that affect blood pressure and volume: the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system, antidiuretic hormone (ADM), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). ■ Most important hormonal regulator of MABP. Activated by drop in...

Components of the Nervous System

By: Administrator, Views: 392

The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the endocrine system to respond to such events. Nervous tissue...

Depolarization of the SA node, Action potentials of the myocardium & ANS effects

By: HWC, Views: 6523

• A typical contractile cell in the myocardium has a resting membrane potential. • The resting membrane potential of cells in the SA node is not fixed, and is known as the pacemaker potential. • The action potential of a healthy SA nodal cell has three parts: • Pacemaker potential: ...

Ventilation - phases and driving forces

By: HWC, Views: 6654

Respiration is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells The combination of 3 processes is required for respiration to occur Ventilation (breathing) External (pulmonary) respiration Internal (tissue) respiration The cardiovascular system assists the respiratory system b...

Functional zones in a mitochondrion

By: HWC, Views: 4645

A mitochondrion has a double membrane system. The outer membrane faces the cytoplasm. The inner membrane divides the organelles interior into two compartments. The enzymes that carry out the second stage reactions are in the semifluid matrix inside the inner compartment. Embedded in the ...

Morphology of a tomato plant

By: HWC, Views: 1243

The bulk of the plant body is comprised of ground tissue. Vascular tissue threads through the ground tissue. It distributes water, solutes, and organic substances through the plant body. Dermal tissue covers and protects the surfaces of the root and shoot systems.