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Alternative Energy Sources

By: HWC, Views: 1967

Points at which organic compounds enter the reaction stages of aerobic respiration. Complex carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars, such as glucose. They become the substrates for glycolysis. If your body doesn't need to burn glucose for energy, glucose-6-phosphate can be co...

Fermentation pathways

By: HWC, Views: 1666

Both lactate fermentation and alcoholic fermentation begin with pyruvate formed by glycolysis. During lactate fermentation, pyruvate molecules accept electrons and hydrogen from NADH. This transfer regenerates NAD± and converts pyruvate to lactate. The net energy yield is the two ATP...

Glycolysis Animation

By: HWC, Views: 1648

In glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose molecule is split into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules. In this animation, each carbon molecule is represented by a red ball. The end products of glycolysis are two molecules of pyruvate. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of ...

DNA close up Animation

By: HWC, Views: 1656

A section from a DNA double helix The backbone of each DNA strand consists of alternating deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups. The two strands run in opposite directions. One runs from the 5' to 3' direction, the other in the 3' to 5' direction. Think of the deoxyribose units o...

Polymerase chain reaction PCR - Animation

By: HWC, Views: 1598

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method that amplifies fragments of DNA. The purpose of PCR is to create copies of a specific region of DNA. To use this technique, researchers must know the base sequences at either end of the region of interest. They use this information to create...

Miller's reaction chamber experiment Animation

By: HWC, Views: 1303

A simple diagram of Stanley Miller and Harold Urey's experimental apparatus. The lower portion of the apparatus was filled with water. The upper portion was filled with a mixture of gases that simulated the earth's early atmosphere. Examples are methane, ammonia, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. ...

Random alignment at Metaphase I Animation

By: HWC, Views: 2126

Possible outcomes of random alignment at metaphase I. In this example, three types of chromosomes are labeled 1, 2, and 3. Maternal chromosomes are dark blue; paternal ones are light blue. Suppose that at metaphase I all the maternal chromosomes became attached to one spindle pole and all the ...