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DNA Sequences - Dideoxy Sequencing

By: HWC, Views: 7044

A short, radiolabeled primer is annealed to the single-stranded DNA to be sequenced. The DNA serves as a template for in vitro DNA synthesis. The DNA-primer mixture is split into four separate tubes. DNA polymerase and a solution of dNTPs are added to each tube. One of the four 2',3' dideoxy-N...

Osmosis - Isotonic, Hypotonic, and Hypertonic​ Solutions

By: HWC, Views: 7825

Isotonic: Equal Water moves in and out of the cell at an equal rate. The cell remains unchanged. Hypotonic: "hypo" hippo Water moves into the cell, making it swell and get fat (like a hippo). Eventually the cell can rupture and burst (aka lyse). Hypertonic: "like a raisin" Water leaves...

Metabolic Rate, Heat and Thermoregulation - response to heat and cold stresses

By: HWC, Views: 7940

• A neuron group in the anterior portion of the hypothalamus controls heat balance. • Neurons in the preoptic region of the hypothalamus integrate signals that come from thermoreceptors. • The temperature control center in the preoptic region propagates control signals to two other part...

Virtual Enzyme Kinetics & Lineweaver Burk Plot

By: HWC, Views: 7302

• The double-reciprocal (also known as the Lineweaver-Burk) plot is created by plotting the inverse initial velocity (1/V0) as a function of the inverse of the substrate concentration (1/[S]). • This plot is a useful way to determined different inhibitors such as competitive, uncompetitive...

Regulation of GFR: autoregulation via tubuloglomerular feedback, neural & hormonal regulation

By: HWC, Views: 8901

• When blood pressure is above normal, rapid filtrate flow reduces ion retention so filtrate in tubule has more Na+, C1-, and water. • It is believed that vasoconstricting chemicals from the juxtaglomerular cells are released when the macula densa cells detect higher water and ion levels in ...

Cellular Respiration & Glucose Mobilization (Glucose transport & Phosphorylation of Glucose)

By: HWC, Views: 7523

Glucose is completely broken down into CO2 and H2O during the process of cellular respiration, which includes 3 stages: 1) glycolysis; 2) the Krebs Cycle; and 3) the electron transport chain. Glucose enters this energy yielding pathway of cellular respiration in the first stage known as...

Major Elements in Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates

By: HWC, Views: 7267

Carbohydrates include simple sugars (monosaccharides) as well as large polymers (polysaccharides). Glucose is a hexose, a sugar composed of six carbon atoms, usually found in ring form. A starch macromolecule is a polysaccharide composed of thousands of glucose units. Glucose molecules can be ...

ATPase function - membrane transport, contractile proteins and synthesis

By: HWC, Views: 8091

• Energy from ATP is used to move ions across the cell membrane during active transport. • This membrane protein transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. As such, it is called a sodium-potassium pump. • Because this pump also acts as an enzyme to hydrolyze ATP it i...

Regulation of GFR: autoregulation via myogenic mechanism Myogenic mechanism

By: HWC, Views: 9199

• GFR can be regulated by adjusting: • Blood flow in and out of the glomerular capillaries. • Surface area of glomerular capillaries. • There are three main ways to make these adjustments: • Renal autoregulation. • Nervous regulation. • Renal autoregulation occurs when...